A.
TENSES
a.
Simple Present Tense
Dalam Simple Present Tense, kita membahas tentang dua
hal, yaitu : habitual (kebiasaan) dan factual (Fakta).
I.
Habitual
Kita membahas
tentang suatu kegiatan yang dilakukan secara rutin untuk suatu periode
tertentu.
Rumus : S + V1
S + V1 (+ s / es)
|
S = Subject
V1 = Verb
Infinitive
Contoh :
1.
I go to school everyday.
2.
They come here once a week
ü
Untuk subjek He, She, It , jangan lupa anda
menambahkan s / es pada kata kerjanya.
Contoh :
3.
Mrs. Inatesia arrives at home from the
office at 6 p.m.
ü
Untuk kalimat negatif, tambahkan do not atau does not, diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk pertama, sedangkan untuk
kalimat tanya, pindahkan do atau does ke depan kalimat.
Contoh :
4.
(+) They study English everyday.
(-) They don’t study English everyday.
(?) Do they study English everyday?
Ø
Yes, they do.
Ø
No, they don’t.
II.
Faktual
Kita
membicarakan tentang kebenaran umum.
Contoh :
5.
The sun rise in the East.
Yang perlu
diingat, keterangan waktu yang sering dipakai adalah everyday, everytime,
everyweek. Kita juga bisa menambahkan adverb of frequency seperti always
(selalu), usually (biasanya), often (sering), sometimes (kadang-kadang), seldom
(jarang), never (tidak pernah).
Contoh :
6.
Susi and Dewi always type a report everyday.
b.
Present Continuous Tense
Tense ini membicarakan tentang kegiatan
sedang dilakukan.
Rumus : S +
to be (is,am,are) + V (+ing)
|
Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan
adalah now, at this time, at this moment, at present, look, listen.
ü
Untuk kalimat negatif, tambahkan not
setelah to be (is, am, are).
ü
Untuk kalimat tanya, pindahkan is, am, are
ke depan kalimat.
Contoh :
1. (+) We are reading a book now.
(-)
We are not reading a book now.
(?)
Are we reading a book now?
Ø
Yes, we are.
Ø
No, we are not.
2. The
children are playing now.
3. I am
writing a letter at this time.
4. Arjuna is
crying at the moment.
5. Astri is
talking with her Mom now.
c.
Simple Past Tense
Membicarakan tentang suatu kejadian yang
terjadi di waktu lampau. Yang sering digunakan adalah yesterday, last week atau
last year, two days ago, in 2015, from 2001 to 2015, just now (barusan atau
baru saja).
Rumus : S +
V2
S + was / were + adjective
atau adverb.
|
ü
Untuk kalimat negatif gunakan did not +
V1, atau tambahkan not setelah was / were.
ü
Untuk kalimat tanya, pindahkan did atau
was / were ke depan kalimat.
Contoh :
1.
(+) Mrs. Firda went to Depok yesterday.
(-) Mrs. Firda
didn’t go to Depok yesterday.
(?) Did Mrs. Firda go to Depok yesterday?
2.
Damar bought a new car last Monday.
3.
They were watched a show last night.
4.
She was sang a song in front of the class
two days ago.
5.
He was replied an email last week.
d.
Past Continuous Tense
Membicarakan tentang dua kejadian yang
terjadi di waktu lampau. Ketika suatu kejadian berlangsung, ada kejadian lain
yang terjadi.
Rumus : S + was (I, he, she, it) + V (+ing)
S + were
(you, we, they) + V (+ing)
|
ü Untuk kalimat
negatif, tambahkan not setelah was / were.
ü Untuk kalimat
tanya, pindahkan was / were ke depan kalimat.
Contoh :
1.
(+) Mr. Purnomo was sleeping when Alif
arrived at home.
(-) Mr.
Purnomo was not sleeping when Alif arrived home.
(?) Was Mr.
Purnomo sleeping when Alif arerived home?
2.
Adi is typing a letter while Raka was
studying.
3.
Rina was typing a message when Toni was
asked a question.
4.
They were coming when the teacher was
going.
5.
When Karen arrived, we had dinner.
B.
SUBJECT – VERB
AGREEMENT
Subject – Verb
Agreement / Concord adalah persesuaian
antara Subject dan Predikat. Jika Subjeknya singular, maka predikatnya juga
singular. Jika subjeknya plural, maka predikatnya juga plural.
I. Hubungan
antara Subjek dan Predikat
Subject
|
Predicate
|
|||
To do
|
To be
|
To have
|
Present
|
|
He, She, It
|
Does
|
Is, was
|
Has
|
Comes,
sleeps
|
You, We,
They
|
Do
|
Are, were
|
Have
|
Come, sleep
|
I
|
Do
|
Am
|
Have
|
Come
|
Contoh :
1.
The director is preparing the
reports now.
2.
There were 2 books on the table.
3.
Yadi and Solbi have finished their
reports.
4.
Encyclopedia contains information
about many things.
5.
Solla and Ria were prepared the
foods
II.
Kata-kata berikut dianggap singular
sehingga harus diikuti oleh singular predikat
Anybody
|
Somebody
|
Nobody
|
Anyone
|
Someone
|
No one
|
Anything
|
Something
|
Nothing
|
Everything
|
Everyone
|
Everybody
|
Contoh :
1.
Something happens on our way to
Bandung.
2.
Nobody works in the
company anymore.
3.
Everybody likes her.
4.
Every man, woman, and child needs love.
5.
Each of the students likes studying
III. Ungkapan berikut tidak mempengaruhi subjek
dengan predikat
-
Accompanied by
-
As well as
|
- Along with
- Together with
|
Contoh :
1.
The singer, together
with the dancer, is performing on TV now.
2.
Mr. Maskur, accompanied
by his wife and children, orders pizza every weekend.
3.
My father, together
with his friends, is fishing in the river.
4.
Mrs. Hopie, along with
the students, is going to museum.
5.
Mr. Prime, accompanied by
his wife, goes to Malang.
IV.
Jika subjek dan predikat dibatasi oleh
prepositional Phrase (sekelompok kata yang dimulai dengan preposition/kata
depan) prepositional phrase tidak mempengaruhi hubungan subjek dengan predikat.
Contoh :
1.
The effects of this
medicine are very obvious after one hour.
2.
Your theories not
Mathematics have been considered good by a lot of people.
3.
The ideas in the book are
not interesting.
4.
The colors of the rainbow
are very beautiful.
5.
The instruments of that song are
very good.
C.
PRONOUN
Pronoun
berasal dari kata pro yang berarti untuk dan noun yang berarti kata benda. Jadi
kata pronoun adalah untuk kata benda atau pengganti kata benda.
Pronoun
dibedakan atas :
1.
Personal Pronoun (kata ganti orang).
Personal Pronoun terdiri dari Subjective
Pronoun, Objective Pronoun, Possessive
Adjective, Possessive Pronoun dan Reflexive Pronoun.
Subjective
Pronoun
|
Objective
Pronoun
|
Possessive Adjective
|
Possessive
Pronoun
|
Reflexive
Pronoun
|
I
|
Me
|
My
|
Mine
|
Myself
|
You
|
You
|
Your
|
Yours
|
Yourself
|
He
|
Him
|
His
|
His
|
Himself
|
She
|
Her
|
Her
|
Hers
|
Herself
|
It
|
It
|
Its
|
-
|
Itself
|
We
|
Us
|
Our
|
Ours
|
Ourselves
|
They
|
Them
|
Their
|
Theirs
|
Themselves
|
Contoh :
1.
This is your book. This is yours.
2.
They do the homework themselves.
3.
I have a cat. Its tail is black.
4.
That glasses is mine.
5.
These cars are not mine.
2.
Indefinite Pronoun (kata
ganti tak tentu)
ü
Somebody, someone (seseorang).
ü
Everybody, everyone (setiap orang).
ü
No one, nobody (tak seorangpun).
ü
Something (sesuatu), everything (segala
sesuatu), nothing (tak satupun).
ü
Both / both of (keduanya).
ü
Every, each / each of (masing-masing).
ü
All / all of (semua).
Contoh :
1.
I think there is someone in front of the
door.
2.
Everybody needs food and water to live.
3.
All of the students are happy.
4.
I am bored, there is nothing to do.
5.
Now nothing is cheap, everything is
expensive.
3.
Demonstrative pronoun (kata
ganti tunjuk)
ü
These (ini = plural).
ü
This (ini = singular).
ü
Those (itu = plural).
ü
That (itu = singular).
Contoh :
1.
This is a book.
2.
These are books.
3.
That is a book.
4.
Those are books.
5.
I like this one, I don’t like that one.
4.
There is dan There are
There biasanya diikuti oleh to be (is, am,
are) dan subjek.
Contoh :
1.
There is a book on the table.
2.
There are some books on the desk.
3.
There is nobody here.
4.
There are fifteen students in the class.
5.
Look, there is a lizard on the wall.
Referensi :
1.
Sofyan, Fahmi. 2008. Bank Soal Lengkap
Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Pustaka Tarbiyah Baru.
2. Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 1989.
Understanding and Using English Grammar. United States of America: Prentice
Hall Regents.
3. Murphy, Raymon. 2004. English Grammar in
Use. Singapore: Cambridge University Press.
4. Sofyan, Fahmi. 2008. Kiat Sukses Lulus
Ujian Bahasa Iggris. Jakarta: Pustaka Tarbiyah Baru.
Nama :
Inatesia Fatmawati
NPM : 24213342
Kelas : 3 EB
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